This makes it more difficult for human immune cells, or white blood cells, to recognize the bacteria and mount an immunological attack. A conjugate vaccine, therefore, usually consists of a polysaccharide antigen combined with a carrier protein. It is low cost vaccine . It provide immunity quickly and instantly. Disadvantages: 1. The virus can spread and can cause disease. 2: Inactivated vaccine: Killed microorganisms make this vaccine and their effectivity is totally reduce from virulence. They are killed cells off microorganism, which are used in inactivated vaccines. Conjugate vaccines are widely used to overcome the disadvantages of polysaccharide vaccines in the prevention of meningococcal disease. However, limited studies have examined the clinical effectiveness of single-dose meningococcal quadrivalent conjugate vaccines in adults. Conjugate vaccines combine a strong antigen to a weak one as a carrier. This helps your immune system have a stronger response to the weaker antigen. Recombinant vaccines use attenuated viruses or bacteria to introduce microbial vaccines to cells of the body. The vaccine to combat Ebola is an example of a recombinant vaccine. There is evidence that the conjugate vaccine induces a substantial B‐cell memory response, as judged by a large increase in the level of specific IgG formed, together with a significant increase in antibody avidity after a boosting immunization. What are the disadvantages of inactivated vaccines? While there are many advantages to their use, there are some distinct disadvantages to inactivated vaccines which are an important consideration when choosing which method of vaccination is best suited to purpose. Conjugate vaccines target several leading causes of vaccine-preventable deaths. The three most common causes of bacterial meningitis – Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus), Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) – are all protected by their polysaccharide capsule from human host defences. These pathogens are now the leading cause globally A conjugate vaccine is a type of subunit vaccine that consists of a protein conjugated to a capsule polysaccharide. Conjugate vaccines have been developed to enhance the efficacy of subunit vaccines against pathogens that have protective polysaccharide capsules that help them evade phagocytosis, causing invasive infections that can lead to meningitis and other serious conditions. The DNA vaccine in question would also be easier to transport as there are no particular storage requirements (live vaccines for example need to be kept refrigerated). Finally DNA vaccines can potentially be applied to a broader range of disease causing pathogens like fungi and parasitic organisms. Disadvantages: - risk of reverting to WT - risk to immunocompromised - risk to fetus (MMR, - relatively new form of vaccine - N. meningitidis, H.infuenzae (conjugate) - HPV, HepB (recombinant) Subunit vaccines. Advantages: - Safe for use in immunocompromised individuals
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